GTR 03
Section 1
Adopt a Wild Dolphin
Where do the dolphins live?
These dolphins live in Port River Estuary in Adelaide, South Australia. Researchers havestudiedthem for over 15 years and have led a campaign to improve protection for the dolphinsandtheirenvironment.
Why do the dolphins need your support?
The Port River dolphins face many threats including pollution, habitat damage, andmarinelitter.By adopting a dolphin, you will be helping to protect its habitat and most urgently, torescueanydolphin caught in fishing lines.
Choose your dolphin!
These amazing bottlenose dolphins live in three groups. There are 30 dolphins in themainestuaryand they socialise with the other group to the north and one to the south. Each grouphasadifferent habitat type.
A. Sparke
Sparkle and her calf Twinkle are often seen playing with other mothers and calf pairs.
B. Rob Roy
A young, dark and handsome male, Rob Roy is seen mostly on the edge of the researcharea.
C. Scarlett
Scarlett has a scar shaped like a crescent on her dorsal fin, mostly froma shark attackwhenshewas young.
D. Spunky
A young Romeo, he’s often seen cruising for potential mates with his best friend, Buddy.
E. Buddy
Buddy’s fin shows all the signs of life of rugged encounters with rivals in the pursuit of romance.
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F. Captain Hook
A handsome, unmarked dolphin, he is named after his very long, curved dorsal fin.
G. Phoebe
Phoebe and her calf, Sasha, have both nearly been caught in fishing lines but are nowdoingwell.
H. Billie
Billie is one of Adelaide’s best-loved dolphins, famous for swimming alongside racehorsestrainingin the Port River.
$5 a month from 50 adopters could help monitor an individual whale or dolphin in thewildforayear.
$10 a month from 100 adopters could help to fund a study of an individual species inthewildanddevelop new strategies to protect it.
$20 a month from 100 adopters could help set up a new field project. Adopt Today!
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Questions 1-7
Which dolphin (A-H):
1. seems to enjoy the company of horses ____________ 2. can be recognised by a distinctive fin shape ____________ 3. carries the marks of an early injury ____________
Which TWO dolphins (A-H):
4. are mothers looking after babies . ____________ 5. are often seen spending time together ____________
Questions 6 and 7
Circle the correct answer A-D.
____________6. Which of the following poses the most immediate threat to the Port River Dolphins?
A. waste from boats
B. environmental degradation
C. fishing nets
D. water pollution
____________7. ‘Adoption’ in this article means…
A. choosing one dolphin to look after
B. making regular donations to the program C. giving money to support only one dolphin
D. making a one-off donation to the program
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Questions 8-13
Look at the information on companies specialising in removals. Which company (A-F) is the best choice for the following situations? You may use the same letter more than once.
___________8. You have just bought a piano and need delivery to your second-floor apartment.___________9. You are immigrating to England, with all your household goods plus acar. ___________10. You got a job in another city. You want to rent a truck to move your householdgoods by yourself, one way only.
___________11. You need fast service to deliver to your house a sofa you just bought. ___________12. You want an inexpensive service to help you move and store apartment furniture.___________13. You are moving house and need a truck for a few hours which youwill loadanddrive.
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Section 2
Diving : Taking the Plunge
Have you always wanted to learn to dive?
Getting a Diving Certificate will be one of the most exciting experiences of your lifeasyoulearnhow to explore a new world underwater.
Here’s the 10-step path to becoming a certified diver.
Step 1: Decide that you really want to do it.
Step 2: Find a dive store and dive instructor you like.
Step 3: Discuss how you will complete your open-water certification: meeting weeklyfor pool sessions, weekend classes, home study, a class trip for open-water dives, and more.
Step 4: With your instructor, decide on a plan that best fits your schedule.
Step 5: Put on a mask, snorkel, and a pair of fins. These are the basic items of personal equipment that need to be fitted to you by the diving professional. For reasons of safetyandcomfort, we recommend that you buy diving equipment only at a dive store.
Step 6: Be enthusiastic. An important part of your training involves going back to theclassroomand learning about the dive environment, physics and safety practices.
Step 7: Your first dives will take place in a swimming pool. Be prepared for your first breathonaregulator (breathing apparatus) underwater!
Step 8: Go diving. Your open-water training dives provide the opportunity to practisetheskillsyoulearnt in the classroom and pool work!
Step 9: Use you ‘C-card’ now that you’re a certified diver! Only card-carrying divers canbuyscubalife-support equipment. We also encourage you to begin right away selecting your personal equipment regulator, buoyancy compensator and dive computer. Having your ownequipment willmake you safer and more comfortable underwater.
Step 10: Go for more. Your certification is really just the beginning. You still need toserveadivinginternship with your instructor and other experienced divers. Sign up for more trainingor divesunder supervision as soon as you can.
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Questions 14-19
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE answer the followingquestions.14. What THREE pieces of personal equipment do you need to buy before startingthecourse?
15. Why should you buy your equipment from a dive store? 16. Name ONE topic studied in the classroom.
17. Where do you do your first dives?
18. What must you show before being allowed to buy scuba diving equipment? 19. Under what conditions can you dive, once you are certified?
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Fear No More
A. It’s natural to be scared at first. but statistics show scuba diving is not particularlydangerous.Itis estimated that there are 2.4 million divers and 17 million dives made in theU.S. peryear.Divers Alert Network, the leading safety organisation for divers reported only 85fatalitiesinthepast year. Most of us find that as our ability increases, our fears decrease. Therisksinscubadiving, while real, can all be reduced significantly by what you do for your ownsafety. Herearesome of the most common fears of new scuba divers.
B. It’s understandable if you mistrust your scuba regulator. But the mechanical failureof yourbreathing equipment is highly unlikely. A regulator is simple, strong and designedsothatifitdoes fail, it delivers more air than you need, not less. You also have an extra breathingsystem,and so will your diving buddy. Keep an eye on gauges and time. If you are runningonairyouwill find that you have to suck to breathe. You will still have time to ascend slowly, evenifyouhave to hold your breath. If you stay above feet and stay out of caves and wrecks—goodadvice for ail divers — there is no reason to be afraid of running out of air underwater.
C. The bends’ is the most decompression sickness most people associate with diving, but infact,it is almost preventable. Divers most often get the bends by going too deepandcomingupquickly. It is not a serious risk if you stay above 60 feet. A safety stop of threeminutesat15feet is a wise precaution. Cases of the bends do occur rarely, but the sicknessisnormallytreatable.
D. Most fish ignore you or swim away. They have very narrow diets and eat only what theyareaccustomed to; however, sometimes sharks have been known to make attacksonhumans.Even here, there is evidence that the shark mistakes a human for his regular meal, aseal orsea-lion, and shark attacks are very rare. In the presence of sharks, remain calm. Don’t annoysharks by poking at them. Almost all fish will leave you alone if you do the sametothem.
E. Fear can sometimes overwhelm the intellect and leaves some people paralysed. Thebest prevention is training. You will be taught the correct response to danger. Whenyoupractisetheresponse, it will be there when you need it. When you know just what to do, you’remuchlesslikely to lose self-control And experience — simply diving again and again—reducesthegeneral anxiety level that is natural when diving is still new. When you realiseyouarenothelpless, your fears are likely to disappear.
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Question 20 -23
The passage ‘Fear No More’ on the next page has 5 paragraphs (A-E). Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B to E from the list (i-ix) below.
20. Paragraph B
21. Paragraph C
22. Paragraph D
23. Paragraph E
List of Headings
I. HI panic
II. FU get lost
III. ni be trapped
IV. I won’t be able to swim
V. III get the bends
VI. I won’t be able to see
VII. HI get eaten
VIII. HI run out of the air
IX. Diving statistics EXAMPLE
Questions 24 -27
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FROMTHEPASSAGE.
Dive with a buddy.
Check your gauges so you don’t run out of air.
Dive no deeper than 24 until you feel comfortable. Don’t dive 25 make a 3-minute safety stop at 15 feet. If you see a shark 26 avoid splashing, kicking or poking at fish. Visualise emergencies and 27 your responses. Experience gives youconfidence.
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Section 3
LAUGHTER IS THE BEST MEDICINE
The therapeutic use of laughter — to relieve stress, combat disease and strengthentheimmunesystem — no longer raises medical eyebrows. The idea that humour is healthy andthat aheartylaugh can make a person feel much better has gained much medical respectability inthelasttwodecades.
Humour therapy has been accepted on the basis of considerable research conductedintheWest.The case of Hunter ‘Patch’ Adams ( immortalised by actor Robin Williams in the filmPatchAdams),who developed laughter therapy over 35 years at the Gesundheit Institute in Virginia, USAiswell-known. The other is the story of Norman Cousins, the late editor of the AmericanpaperTheSaturday Review, who was taken ill with a severe connective tissue disease wherethebodyjustwastes away. When doctors gave up on him. he cured himself with large doses of vitaminCandcomedies starring the Marx Brothers. Cousins found that ten minutes of genuine bellylaughterhadan anaesthetic effect and gave him at least two hours of pain-free sleep. Herecordedhisexperiences of self-healing through laughter in a best selling book. Anatomy of anIllness.
This has been an inspiration for many practitioners of laughter therapy, includingDr MadanKataria, a Mumbai-based general practitioner who has pioneered the concept of laughter clubsinIndia. As the founder of Laughter Club International. Dr Kataria is credited with initiatingover300
laughter clubs throughout India. Each of these conducts regular group laughter sessionsonthepremise that laughter is healthy for the body and mind.
We still know very little about what happens in the brain when we laugh, but there’safair amountof evidence to suggest that laughter has wide-ranging effects on us psychologicallyandphysiologically. The most obvious effect is on our mood but laughter is also knowntokeepawaynegative emotions like anxiety and depression, which tend to weaken the immunesystem.Itrelieves stress, a common cause of heart and blood.
Pressure problems. It improves lung capacity and oxygen levels in the blood andthusIviatescomplaints of asthma and bronchitis. It also releases endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers,thus reducing the frequency and intensity of arthritic pain and muscular spasms. It isalsoknowntohelp with insomnia, migraines, allergies, and ulcers.
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French neurologist, Henri Rubenstein. said that even one minute of laughter can givethebodyupto 45 minutes of therapeutic relaxation, It also reduces heart rate and stimulatesappetiteanddigestion. French doctor, Pierre Vachet, who studied the physiology of laughter has concludedthatlaughter expands the blood vessels and sends more blood to the extremities. As it sendsmoreoxygen to every cell in the body, it also serves to speed tissue healing and stabilisemanybodyfunctions. Other experiments have shown how watching funny films lowers our bloodpressureandgenerates more endorphins in the blood, producing a feeling of well-being.
However, new insights say that not everyone benefits equally from this therapy. Researcherssaythat if people with a strong sense of humour are less affected by stress, it’s not necessarilythelaughter that’s helping them cope; it could mean that if they are coping well, they canlaughalot.In fact, one study showed that viewing funny videos led to a rise in immune chemical levels,butthat they rose most in people whose tendency to laugh was the greatest, to begin with.
Questions 28-32
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS FROMTHEPASSAGE.
Laughter raises 28 in the blood to improve lung function for conditionslikeasthma.
Laughter helps the body to release 29 called endorphins. When we laugh. 30 expand, which assist circulation and helptissuetoheal.Hospital patients who were 31 the comedies they watchedhadthebestresponse to laughter therapy.
Researchers have shown that humour and the ability to play contribute to 32
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Questions 33-35
Which THREE of the following (A-I) in the passage have NOT been attributed to laughter?
33
34
35
List of descriptions
A. reduced pain F. weakened immune system
B. improved sleep G. stimulated appetite
C. slower heart rate H. higher blood pressure
D. increased anxiety I. less stress
E. better digestion
Questions 36-40
Match the following names with a phrase (A-I) from the list below that describes theworkof each
36. Dr. Hunter Adams
37. Norman Cousins
38. Dr. Madan Kataria
39. Dr. Henri Rubinstein
40. Dr. Pierre Vachet
List of Phrases
A. studied the relaxation response produced by laughter
B. starred in a movie about laughter therapy
C. wrote about self-healing through laughter
D. developed the concept of comedy dubs in India
E. proved that happiness is the best medicine
F. treated patients using funny films
G. showed that laughter facilitates the delivery of oxygen tocellsH. initiated group laughter sessions
I. pioneered laughter therapy in medical settings